Aristotle does not think of ownership as the exclusive right of a person to decide upon the use and alienation of a thing, but as a relation between a person and a thing such that the thing is (1) instrumental for this person’s life, it is (2) external to the organic body of the person, and (3) the person is protected against being excluded from the relevant kinds of access to the thing.

I examine several instances of philosophical uses of qualifiers ("insofar as", "qua"), taken from Aristotle, Avicenna, Descartes, Kant, and 20th c. action theory. In the light of these examples, I discuss several accounts of how such qualifiers work.

According to Donald Baxter's Aspect Theory of Instantiation, a particular instantiates a universal when an aspect of the particular is also an aspect of the universal. According to an improved version of this account, this happens when the universal itself is an aspect of the particular. -- AJP best paper of the year 2015.

The Aristotelian doctrine of four causes naturally arises from the combination of the two distinctions (a) between things and changes, and (b) between that which potentially is a certain thing or change and what it potentially is.

Descartes uses 'conscientia' in the traditional sense, roughly meaning 'moral conscience'.